Relationship Between Obesity And Vitamin D â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Relationship Between Obesity And Vitamin D? Answer: Introducation According toTurer, Lin Flores, 2013, Vitamin D is the principalnutrient responsible for bone metabolism.Ithelps in providing proper skeletal health(Dimitri, Wales Bishop, 2010).Rays of the sun and hepatic synthesis are the two crucial pathways providing Vitamin D support for the body. It is the Vitamin D, which peaks the bone mass accrual during adolescence and childhood (Turer, Lin Flores, 2013). Deficiency of vitamin D (25 hydroxy Vitamin D) is associated with several skeletal problems like increased susceptibility of the fractured bone joints, tooth decay rickets, slipped capital femoral epiphysis and osteomalacia along with Blount disease (Turer, Lin Flores, 2013). According toReyman et al., 2014, deficiency of Vitamin D cause chronic healthcare conditions. These health conditions include hypertension, diabetes(via the affect glucose homeostasis) (Olson et al., 2012), cardiovascular disease, homeostasis and multiple sclerosis(Holick, 2006). One of the principal causes of Vita min D deficiency is obesity(Holick, 2007). Obesity arisingout of the vitamin D deficiency is mostly due to the decreased in the level of bio-available vitamin D3from the cutaneous and other dietary sources(Reyman et al., 2014).Vitamin D is a fat-solubleprotein, increase in the body weight is promoted by the increase in the fat tissue, and Vitamin D gets absorbed inside these adipose tissues leading to deficiency. The alternative theory sates that the increase in the fat tissue disrupt the normal hormonal pathway leading to fragile skeletal function. Obese individuals are found to have low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in blood plasma. Low 25(OH)D is associated with high level of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in blood plasma(Wortsman, Matsuoka, Chen, Lu Holick, 2000). According toMason, Xiao, Imayama, Duggan, Wang, KordeMcTiernan, 2014, supplementation of Vitamin D does not directly promote weight loss but increases the chances of reducing weight. Comparison Between Key Objective of the Research According tothe paper,Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial13(Paper 1), obesity is associated with deficiency in Vitamin D.It also claims that vitamin D promotes weight loss via improving the metabolic markers(Beydoun, Boueiz, ShroffBeydoun,Wang Zonderman, 2010). However, higher BMI rate is associated with lower concentration of Vitamin D. Although studies related to epidemiologic evidence indicated that the high concentrations of the circulating VitaminD is associated with comparatively less gain in the body weight and significantly lower risk of generating obesity-related metabolic complications (Mai, Chen Camargo Langhammer, 2012).The aim of the study is to investigate how vitamin D supplementation promotes weight loss(Vimaleswaran, Berry, Lu, TikkanenPilz, 2013). The study also aims of explore the unknown sphere of Vitamin D in relation to weight loss as weight loss via several lifestyle intervention as this section still remain s untouched. accounting to Vitamin D deficiency in childhood obesity is associated with high levels of circulating inflammatory mediators, and low insulin sensitivity(Paper 2), the obesity, which is common during the early childhood, is majorly associated with systematic inflammatory reactions and low-grade hypersensitivity (Mora, Iwata Von Andrian, 2008). The hypersensitivity leads to the generation of insulin insensitivity (Gagnon et al., 2012). This insulin insensitivity makes the insulin receptors in the hepatic cells inactive leading to the generation of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Childhood obesity is also found associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in the later stages of life. This obese child has been found suffering from low blood concentration of Vitamin D. Vitamin D is known for its profound immunomodulatory function, this primary hypothesis of the research paper is Vitamin D deficiency among the childhood obese people has a strong relation with the enhan ced level of systemic infection and increase in the insulin tolerance. According to Prevalence of Vitamin D De?ciency Among Overweight and Obese US Children(Paper 3) ,adequate level of vitamin D in blood is regarded as an essential factor for maintaining proper skeletal health in the developing children who are gradually attaining their puberty (Harel, Flanagan, ForcierHarel, 2011). Although overweight or excess gain of the fat tissue in the body is associated with an increased risk of developing sound vitamin D de?ciency. The research paper aims to elucidate the risk factors, which are associated with the low levels of the Vitamin D in blood of obese or overweight children. Comparison between Methodology Undertaken and the Nature of Participants In Vitamin D3 supplementation during weight loss: a double-blind randomized controlled trial13, randomized clinical trial was performed. The principal target population of the study included 218postmenopausal women in Seattle, WA who are aged in between 50 to 75 years and are overweight. They possessed serum Vitamin D concentration in between =10 ng/mL but Comparison betweenResults and Conclusion The outcome of the study conducted by Mason et al.,showed that Vitamin D3 supplementation during the weight loss regime has no direct relationwith the process of weight loss or other associated factors when compared with the placebo. The women under trial are though are kept under restricted calorie diet and strict exercise regime program. The findings are in sync with the Zittermann et al (2009). However, repletewomen experienced better improvements.The women showed a significant decrease in the CRP than that of the placebo. The research however, failed to elucidate to the extent at which obesity is related with the low concentration of Vitamin D. Moreover, the research also did not explored the validity of the similar results on the basis if the higher Vitamin D concentration. The relation of vitamin D may be significant with weight loss with severely obese women or non-menopausal women but the study did nit explored these diverse directions of the Vitamin D effect. The results of the paper entitled with Vitamin D deficiency in childhood showed that the severe vitamin D deficiency is present in obese children in comparison to the healthy control children. Moreover, The Vitamin D [25(OH)D] deficient obese children showed high level of non-reactive insulin receptors than those of other obese children who are not suffering from vitamin D deficiency. Moreover, obese children with 25(OH)D-deficiency showed greater concentration of the inflammatory mediators in the body. The inflammatory mediators show was found present include chemerin, cathepsin S and soluble vascular adhesion molecule (sVCAM). On the basis of the above results, the study concluded that 25(OH)D deficiency occurring during the childhood of the obese children is directly associated with the enhanced level of systemic inflammation along with reduced level of insulin sensitivity in blood. The high concentration of the inflammatory mediators like cathepsin S and sVCAM give a direct indication of the h yper activation of the pro-inflammatory response. The study further concluded that, the pro-diabetic and atherogenicpathway which are few of the most essential pathways in the body leads to the decrease in the synthesis of the Vitamin D from the hepatic cells. This physiological condition can easily be controlled via external supplementation of vitamin D.The results of this cross sectional study, conducted by the Christy et al., (2012) sowed the direct prevalence of the vitamin D de?ciency in healthy-weight children, overweight children, obese children, and severely obese children children. The percentage was found range 21% (20% 22%), 29% (27%31%), 34% (32%36%), and 49% (45%53%), respectively. As per the available numerical data, it was easy to interpret that the prevalence of the vitamin D de?ciency in blood is severein the obese children in compared with the healthy weight children. The overweight, obese or severely obese children also showed signi?cant greater level of the vitam in D de?ciency. Furthermore, on following the numerical analysis, the modi?able factors, which are associated with the vitamin D de?ciency in the overweight or obese children were critically identi?ed. From the study, this research paper concluded that vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in the overweight and obese children. This increase in the prevalence of the Vitamin D deficiency suggested that there is an increase in the need of targeted screening and subsequent treatment of this psychology anomaly. Comparative Study of the ArticlesVia Tabular Representation No. Methods Analysis 1 It conducted a randomized control clinical trial among the women in Seattle. The women here selected are post menopausal, obese and aged in between 50 to 75 years. They provided the oral supplementation of Vitamin D from external support and tried to ascertain the affect of Vitamin D in weight loss in comparison to placebo. 2 Cross-sectional study was performed with obese children between the age group of 6 to 16 years. 3 It is a cross-sectional study performed in between the children of 6 to 18 years. They took the data from the survey or NHANES conducted in between 2003-2004 and 2005-2006.Here the children selected include healthy, obese or severely obese and over weight Conclusion and Discussion Analysis Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 The paper showed that Vitamin D is not directly related with the weight loss program among the postmenopausal women. Because, external supplementation of the Vitamin D increases the sensitivity towards insulin and reducesother risk factors of obesity.Itonly helps in fighting back against obesity indirectly. The result of the study showed that obese children suffer from Vitamin deficiency. Because, of vitamin D in blood promotes pro-inflammatory response and drop in the insulin sensitivity and accelerating the weight gain and other weight related complications High prevalence of Vitamin D is associated with the obese children in comparison to non-obese children. The remedy is external supply of Vitamin D to prevent deficiency and not weight loss. Because vitamin D is not the reason behind weight loss, it decreases the insulin sensitivity. All the three papers led to the same direction. They claimed that vitamin D deficiency is an important marker for obesity. However, it is not directly related to weight gain. Drop in the concentration of vitamin D cause increase in pro-inflammatory response followed by deficiency in insulin sensitivity. Decrease in insulin sensitivity causes diabetes mellitus leading to weight gain. Studies though conducted on women or children show that effect of vitamin D deficiency is significant in diverse age group. Three studies showed partially different output from the study due to the different in the focused group undertaken in the study. In study conducted by Importance of Vitamin and Obesity Vitamin D is an important factor for the proper skeletal development. However, it has been found that Vitamin D is highly deficient among the obese people, the condition is same both among the women, men and children. However, external supply of Vitamin D has no direct relation with the weight loss regime. However, external supply of Vitamin D has been found to increase the sensitivity towards insulin. Increase in the tolerance of insulin is the principal cause behind the occurrence of the Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is regarded as a life style disease and is a driving force behind obesity(Mandrup, 2013). Vitamin D thus decreasing the susceptibility towards diabetics mellitus in turn reduce the chance of developing or gaining weight(Mandrup, 2013). However, Vitamin D though not related directly with the obesity but must be treated in active consideration. This is due to the fact thatdeficiency of Vitamin D is associated with the increase in the concentration of the inflammatory mediators in the body and enhanced level of systemic inflammation in blood. Increase in the pro-inflammatory mediators lead to the increase in the level of hypersensitivity response leading to complications. Vitamin D is the main contributor towards the bone development so decrease in the Vitamin D in blood as a result of obesity may lead to generation of fragile bone and at times it may affect in teeth (Mason et al., 2014; Turer, Lin Flores, 2013; Reyman et al., 2014) Opinion about the Articles As per my current understanding, all of the three review papers,I am convinced that there is a direct link between obesity and vitamin D deficiency across the age bracket.I alsounderstood thatVitamin D supplementation is crucial for the obese person.The authors here looked for the right and appropriate papers to perform cross-sectional analysisvia random sampling. They also have stringently cited recent studies focusing the role of Vitamin D in obesity. All the important and relevant studies that have been conducted in this particular field are included in these research papers and are clearly discussed in a collated manner. All the important outcomes, which are associated with the decreased level of VitaminD in theblood are considered in detail.The limitations of the studies are, they do not compare the effect of vitamin D supplementation on obese children and adult individuals. The papers also failed to ascertain the independent effect of Vitamin D apart from weight loss interventi on. The papers also overlooked the effect of other hormones and biomarkers in insulin activity during obesity.These limitations can be overcomed via performing a comparative study of dealing with the effect of vitamin D supplementation on obese children and adultperson while keeping all other biomarkers (related to insulin activity) into consideration.The casual link between vitamin D deficiency and already been established in all the three papers.This relationship or rather finding is extremely helpful for the screening of obese children who are suffering from skeletal malfunction. It is also helpful to promote the weight loss regime for postmenopausal obese women.However, further research must be undertaken in order to understand common link between supplementation of vitamin and weight loss.Manson et al., 2014 however has stated that there is no direct relation of vitamin D with weight loss but they overlooked the effect of other biomarkers and hence research must be undertaken t o refine and support this finding further. Scientifically Justified Arguments According to Reyman et al., vitamin obesity is associated with childhood obesity this was again proved in the paper of Drincic, Armas, Diest Heaney, 2012. According to it cutaneously synthesized and ingested vitamin D in obese patients explains their low level of vitamin D.These findings, was further strengthened by Turer, Lin Flores, 2013. So the deficiency of vitamin D is an established fact in obesity. In the paper, Mason, Xiao, Imayama, Duggan, Wang, Korde McTiernan, 2014, vitamin D supplementation do not increase the weight loss but increases the chances on reducing weight. However, a paper published in the year 2012 by Rosenblum et al., stated that vitamin D when supplemented with calcium promotes the decrease in the accounting of visceral adipose tissue in obese individuals. This variance in the study response may be attributed due to the use of calcium with vitamin D or difference in the focused group people or the diet chart they followed. References: Beydoun, M. A., Boueiz, A., Shroff, M. R., Beydoun, H. A., Wang, Y., Zonderman, A. B. (2010). Associations among 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diet quality, and metabolic disturbance differ by adiposity in adults in the United States.The Journal of Clinical economics Metabolism,vol. 95(8), pp. 3814-3827.https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0410 Dimitri, P., Wales, J. K., Bishop, N. (2010). 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